Morality and Law Essay

Morality, coming from the Latin word moralitas, which is the basic human concept of what is right and what is wrong. Legislation is law which has been created by a legislature or other governing body. The term may refer to a single law, or the collective body of enacted law, while context is also used to refer to a single law. Honestly it is nearly impossible to have control over the actions of people of what is right and wrong, to totally control that aspect from society you have to start with the youth, and instill the moral character that you want implemented, this will always have to be done through a totalitarian regime. Even then there will be people who just don’t have the same moral character at heart. So yes you can legislate the way people treat others and how they act, but you truly cannot mess with morality through legislature. One reason why you cannot control morals through legislature is that you have a very diverse population in any given country, yes there is a majority factor, but even then you have people of different factions to the majority who differ from them. Since some people have different Religions and some none at all, it is very hard for a government to dictate what is right and wrong, because in some issues it differs. Controversial subjects like abortion and execution bring up what people personally believe are right or wrong, and from person to person it differs. For a society based on freedom of religion, it’s hard to set a definite standard on morals. Another reason that it is hard to legislate morality is that Society and its characteristics are always changing. It is very hard to make something into law if it is always changing. We Christians don’t follow the lord of Moses, and women aren’t stoned for adultery, And the acceptance of things then are different from modern times, and probably in another 5 decades, or outlook of right and wrong will change as we change. As Christians its hard to stay close to the pure morals as the world changes around us, but if we as a people keep morals that do not harm, or hurt others we will have a society that is not dictated by the morals dictated by a government, but by ourselves.

Laila McClaurin-Seamon

Date:4/17/18 Activism is when a person campaigns and does whatever they can to make the community around them a better place. Activism is important because the activist are doing what they love while helping the community making a change in their community. Three teens that are activist are Liza Yaroshenko, Marley Dias and Malala Yousafzai. The first activist is Marley Dias, Marley started by finding the problem which was right in her school. When she was 11 she complained to her mother that all the she was reading was about white boys and dogs, she told her mom she didn't have the freedom to read what she wanted o.She launched a campaign called #1000blackgirlbooks in 2015, with the goal to collect 1,000 books to donate for black girls. Her two friends Briana and Amina joined her campaign, and they started to be called â€Å"BAM† in social media. The campaign also called public attention to the lack of diversity in children's literature. They collected over 9,000 books. Many of these books have been sent to a children's book drive in Jamaica. The second activist is Liza Yaroshenko. She got started when she was just 15 years old. Last autumn President Viktor Yanukovych declared that tackling infectious diseases was a priority but the government allocated no funds in 2013 to fighting hepatitis and only 40% of the sum the president proposed for Aids and tuberculosis.That's when Liza decided to speak out. She speaks out on healthcare laws that hurt those affected by HIV and AIDS, as well as general HIV awareness. Liza was six years old when she lost her mother to Aids. Like tens of thousands of Ukrainians, Liza's mother contracted HIV while injecting a cheap heroin substitute made of liquid poppy straw.In 2012, for the first time, there was a slight drop in the number of newly registered cases of HIV in Ukraine. And the last activist is Malala Yousafzai. Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani education advocate who, at the age of 17, became the youngest person to win the Nobel Peace Prize after surviving an assassination attempt by the Taliban. She was born on July 12, 1997. She survived and has continued to speak out on the importance of education. In 2013, she gave a speech to the United Nations. Malala highlighted her focus on education and women's rights, urging world leaders to change their policies. Those teen activist are making a change in the world by giving books to little children or fighting for a cure of a deadly disease or just fighting for the education of young girls and boys. They are lots of teen activist in the world.

Causes of binge drinking

Causes of binge drinking Essay Child AbuseWhat is Child Abuse? By definition, child abuse is the deliberate and willful injury of a child by a caretaker hitting, beating with an object, slamming against a wall, even killing. It involves active, hostile, aggressive treatment. The key word in the definition of child abuse is deliberate. Why would anyone physically harm a child? The physical destruction of a child is the extreme reaction of parents to the stress of having children. Most people are not aware of the fact that deliberately hitting a child is considered a felony in all fifty states. Abuse of children is more common than most people realize. At least one out of five adult women and one out of every ten adult men report having been abused in childhood. Recognizing child abuse in its several forms is a twentieth century phenomenon. Child abuse is also more likely to be recognized in economically developed countries than in other parts of the world. Children have been beaten and abandoned for centuries, base d primarily on the belief that children are the property of their parents. By educating yourself and your children about abuse, you can help prevent it from happening to your children and better cope with it if it does. (Child 6) There are four different forms of child abuse. They are physical abuse (child beating and neglect), sexual abuse, incest, and exploitation (such as child pornography). Physical abuse occurs when a caretaker deliberately beats the child. Some examples of 2 physical abuse include burning with a cigarette, striking a child, and scalding with hot water. According to social agencies, beatings of children have been multiplying over the past twenty-five years or so. The increasing number of reports could mean that in recent years, social workers, health professionals, and other experts have become better able to recognize cases of mistreatment. Some 60,000 cases of abuse are reported annually. (Sargo 12) Many battered children must endure a second terrible problem neglect. Neglect, which occurs when parents or others who are responsible for a childs welfare fail to provide for the childs basic needs in any number of ways. Physical neglect occurs when the caretaker fails to provide adequate food, clothing, or shelter. Physical neglect also occurs when the person caring for a child refuses to seek health care or delays in doing so. Other examples are abandoning a child, either permanently or temporarily, and when a child is kicked out of home or refused to be let back in. There is also educational neglect when parents do not force their children to attend school. Early civilization regularly abandoned deformed or surplus children, and ritual sacrifice of the children to appease the gods took place in Egyptian, Carthaginian, Roman, Greek, and Aztec societies. (Child 2) Either they do not enroll the child in school at the age required by law, or they allow their children to be chronically truant from classes. (Gelles 21). 3 Another form of negl ect is emotional neglect, which occurs when parents or guardians behave in a way that deeply disturbs a young child. (Sargo 15) Some examples of emotional abuse occur when parents fight or beat each other in front of a child, when they give a child permission to use drugs or alcohol or when the parents themselves are under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Then there is moral neglect, when parents let their children run loose in the streets at all hours so he or she risks getting in trouble with the law. Moral neglect also occurs when the parents allow or encourage the child to perform criminal acts. Of the various types of neglect, physical is said to be the most common. The DHHS study reports that some 571,600 American children suffer from physical neglect . Educational neglect is next at just over 292,000 children. Emotional neglect is third with 223,000 victims. (Child 11) Sexual abuse, which is also known as sexual molestation, is defined as the exploitation of a minor for the sexual gratification of an adult. Sexual abuse involves forcing, tricking, bribing, threatening or pressuring a child into sexual awareness or activity. Sexual abuse is an abuse of power over a child and READ: Why I Chose Accounting Essay

How To Tame a Wild Tongue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How To Tame a Wild Tongue - Essay Example In order to engage the reader with a topic and understanding, Anzaldua finds it necessary to fully utilize Aristotle’s three strategies of argumentation: ethos, logos, and pathos. As a function of this particular understanding, this brief analysis will seek to analyze and draw inference upon the way in which Anzaldua utilizes rhetoric as a means of proving the points that she illustrates within her essay. Within Aristotle’s definition of the word â€Å"ethos†, the understanding and importance of character and the means by which this character is related is ultimately the most important aspect. Likewise, in seeking to understand the rhetorical means by which Anzaldua utilizes ethos as a means of engaging the audience, the reader need look no further than the fact that she does so not by setting herself up as an exception to the norm but rather by exhibiting her personal story through the likely and believable lens that it is necessarily indicative of a broader hum an experience. Although Anzaldua places a strong level of focus upon the personal struggle and unique aspect of identity robbery that language is ultimately affected upon her, this close level of analysis does not preclude the means by which Anzaldua’s character is analogous to humanity in general. In such a way, the defaults that she displays within her argument is born not upon the shoulders of a hero that exhibits a hyper intellects or some other amazing attribute; rather, the strength of her rhetoric buys upon the foundation that it is exhibited within each and every individual. Similarly, with regards to the logos of Anzaldua’s claim, this is clearly exhibited with regards to the sociological and psychological aspects of culture and development that she references within the text. Although the main point of her essay is to underscore the importance that formative experience has upon identity creation, it is impossible to perform such a task without first seeking t o direct a level of analysis based upon the academic understandings of the terms in which she uses. This should not be understood to mean that Anzaldua relies heavily upon an academic interpretation of the experience which she had; rather, it merely illustrates the point that for argument is fully cognizant of the fact that the subject matter in which she attempts to grapple with is ultimately something that can be understood far outside the scope of personal experience. Finally, the last rhetorical approach that Anzaldua utilizes is with regards to pathos. Aristotle necessarily defines pathos as a means of rhetorical argument in which emotional appeal is utilized. It should be understood from a careful analysis of Anzaldua’s essay that this particular method of rhetorical argument perhaps utilize the most. Typically, arguments that are steeped in pathos have traditionally been understood as necessarily weaker. However, within the case of this particular essay, it must be und erstood that the utilization of pathos as a legitimate means of which workable argument is not misplaced nor is it overstated. This is of course due to the fact of the subject matter in which Anzaldua seeks to engage the reader with is naturally one which engenders a great deal of emotion and psychological trauma; both for the writer herself as well as countless other

The report on SLA Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The report on SLA Ltd - Essay Example The comparison would help in assessing the performance of the company within the two periods and would help in pin-pointing the areas which need proper attention from SBL’s management. Following the analysis of SBL’s financial performance and after addressing the problems face by SBL, a detailed plan of action would be recommended along with a formal conclusion that would augment the entire appraisal of the company’s performance The positives for SBL An independent review carried out by members of our company (Drake Management Consultants) reflected that SBL’s financial problems have improved in the recent ending year as compared to the prior year, with respect to profitability. The company improved on its profitability and this was assessed by using the profitability ratios. The main aim of profitability ratios is to analyse the efficiency of a company’s operations and the policies that the company has abided by in order to achieve the recent finan cial performance displayed within the financial statements. As per the profitability ratios, the performance of SBL has been exquisite. The profitability ratios clearly suggest that the company has improved their profit figure as compared to the year preceding the recently ended year. ... SBL has also restricted and brought down their operating expenses with their revenue increasing. The operating expenses as a percentage of sales have been 31.5% (Year before last) and 27.6% (Last year) (Tyran, 1993). SBL’s return on its investment i.e. the profit that it has been able to generate from its assets has been seeing improving results when comparing the two years. SBL’s return on equity has also improved by more than double to what it was in the year before last. Now this is something that can be used to persuade investors towards investing money within the company. The profitability improvements should also be considered something fruitful for the company’s current owners and its employees as a sign of growth and as an indication of growth for the company. The other positive aspect for SBL is it improved Interest Cover ratio. The company has improved on its ability to pay off its interest and that too can be attributed to the improved profits that the company has been able to generate in the recent years (Financial Management, 2000). Problems faced by SBL After appraising the positives for SBL, a general evaluation of the problems faced by the company was carried out. The company has been found to be lagging behind when assessing its liquidity ratios in the two prior years. This deterioration is alarming for the company since it can lead the company towards bankruptcy. Besides the liquidity issue, the financial leverage for SBL is yet another issue which is rather agonizing for the company. As per the financial leverage ratios, SBL has gotten itself a heavy load of debt finance in order to run the

Close Observation of Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Close Observation of Nature - Essay Example Nature has always existed around us, in all forms of life. Even when technological advancements have led humans to kill nature in the most excruciating way, nature has continued to persist with its charm and beauty. It exists in the form of gardens and forests all around us. Sitting alone by Coast Redwood Tree in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park in the state of California, I kept admiring the beauty of nature. The Park is named after Jedediah Smith, who was a traveller and was the first to explore this area in 1826. The Smith River that flows all across the park adds to the splendor of the park. Sitting there, watching the river run silently, with chipmunks, squirrels, and racoons running over the place gives the place a charm of completeness. This place is an inclusive substitute of the home which will never let you get bored. (Redwood Hikes) Admiring the enhancement and lure the place had on me, I was mesmerized by the motion of the river that how it flows peacefully giving the place a fairytale environment. I noticed that the ants were travelling from one tree to another in a straight line, and then travelling to the top of the trees for their food. They would then come down and travel to the roots of the trees, perhaps to feed their young ones who are still infants and needed to be fed. The way they were caring reminded me of how we humans care for our kids. As humans, we go out from morning to evening in the quest of money- money that earns us foods, that is the stance of our livelihood.

Why I am doing it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I am doing it - Essay Example I have a mission to perform many volunteer jobs as per my ability. Acting as a volunteer to help preserve animals grants me sense of self-satisfaction. Animals, being part of nature, need care. The pleasure I get from offering care to animals initiates personal growth in me. Accepting animals as part of creation and realizing the necessity to ensure their growth is fundamental in enhancing conservation. Nature must operate in equilibrium and animals are part of it. Humans, therefore, must develop new ethics and consider their relationship with animals. Nurturing the culture of sensitivity and awareness towards the conservation of animals has a central contribution in appreciating them, as part of nature. Humans should be responsible and care for domestic and wild animals. This, notably, is a role that everyone in the world should play. The challenge is to ensure that animals exist in harmony with the world population. Conservation of habitats that are home to animals, for instance, is an important strategy that the world population should promote. Every member of the society should take on the challenge to ensure animals get the best care and their habitat conservation measures considered. This requires tolerance, by humans, and acceptance that animals deserve consideration and attention. Attending to animals, wild and domestic, is tantamount to respect for their lives. Humans have a role to ensure animals do not suffer. Animals do not communicate with humans in any way. It is upon humans to assess the condition of animals and realize any form of suffering that they may experience. Animals have an entitlement to rights. Part of the world population that is in disagreement with conservation points at diverse reasons including the lack of animal rights. It is illogical to disagree that animals have rights and such c laims by people opposed to nature conservation

What is your relationship between text and performance How is text Essay

What is your relationship between text and performance How is text used in, for and as art, design and performance - Essay Example By providing access, that is, to every form of extremism, including the prostitute, the madman, the artist, and the critic, modern society had stripped man of his ability to approach the society from without, and therefore to critique. Gavin Butt, writing specifically about art and literature criticism more than a half a century later, in 2005, claimed that the position of the critic had not substantially changed. He argued that criticism had suffered a crisis following post-structuralism in which the â€Å"space for criticality† had â€Å"withered† (p 1). Specifically, he claimed that theorists following Derrida, through declaring a deconstructive stance in regard to text in which the critic lives inside the text rather than outside of it, thereby becoming unmoored from any objective or â€Å"anterior† position from which to judge a text’s intent, have lost claim to any constructive ground by which to judge such texts (p 3). Taking, as one must in the pos tmodern world, the notion of text to its logical conclusion, one comes to the same argument that Marcuse presented. The artist cannot find room to critique society because he lives within the text that society represents. But is this necessarily so? If, that is, Marcuse found it possible to write his book, or Butt found it worthwhile to discuss the role of the critic, there must be some possibility of critical distance still available to the artist. Or else why so much spilled ink? The answer, it is believed here, is found in the continuing argument provided by Butts – and indeed hinted at in the work of both Marcuse and Derrida, as well as others. Through what Butt calls the â€Å"performative† act of criticism, the artist as well as the critic, is able to form an act of criticism of â€Å"text.† Butt calls for a criticism â€Å"after criticism† which rests on the â€Å"event-ness† or immanence of an act as the significant factor, rather than any supposed transcendent or theoretical quality concerning the notion of criticism. In other words, the artist, by acting on a text, defined however it may be defined, is able to approach that text in a way that is instructive or altering or controlled or otherwise understood. In this brief paper, the role of the artist in defining the interaction between text and performance will be considered. Using the framework that Butts suggests, as presaged by other theorists working in the same vein, and as applied through the work of select contemporary artists, the paper will consider how text, both literally and figuratively configured, relates to performance, and how the artist may make use of this relationship as a critical function. Brief definition of the notion of â€Å"text† will be offered, followed by a critical examination of how the relevant working artists have used actual and figurative text in their art to significant effect. Following this exposition, conclusions will be offered regarding the use of performance and text within my own approach to art as a means of achieving critical distance from the society in which I live and communicative proximity to my viewers, so that my art may be both meaningful and substantive. Text Defined In their film about the French philosopher who defined the deconstruction movement, Jacques Derrida, Kirby Dick and Amy Ziering weigh his influence and theoretical suppositions against the man himself. This is a fitting tribute in many ways, since Derrida believed that the notion of a â€Å"text† includes a structurally infinite set of possibilities, a network of associations that spring from any given object or

Research Design Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Design - Research Paper Example This study design is of great importance since it informs policy formulation and implementation strategies and avoids wastage of resources in starting interventions that would not change the state of the population. In the case of HBP the study type would inform the researcher whether the access to a health facility and follow-up are the major causes and therefore policies and interventions to address the same can be put in place to ensure that the interventions are most effective and do not use a lot of resources. HBP management has proven to be technical and requires behavior changes, good diet, along with a regimen of antihypertensive medications that require medical follow-up. Therefore the black men in urban areas have poor access to health services and do not seek care or remain in treatment and this is considered as a great factor in the rate of disability and death in this population. This study design is important in this particular scenario since in order to understand if the factors expressed are the real cause, one half of the population be exposed to the factors and the other not and then assessed over a period of time in order to determine whether the factors have an effect on HBP management. A cohort study is a type of study design which is used widely in cases where the researcher aims at reaching persons with particular similarities. There are different cohorts that can be described in terms of age or condition being suffered from. Most cohorts are attributed by age and therefore age has been the most common dividing factor in cohort studies. It has been expressed widely in this study where Dr Jemmott focuses on reducing risky sexual behavior, primarily among minority adolescents. This clearly illustrates that the target population of the study are the adolescents who are the cohort in this case. The use of cohort study design is important in ensuring that the target population is actually captured

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Critical Analysis - Essay Example This report compares two journal articles highlighting competitor analysis, identifying the varying approaches to competitor analysis and key findings as to best practice for strategic management through competitor monitoring and assessment. Identifying potential opportunities and threats associated with competitor activities is the fundamental purpose of competitor analysis in order to determine whether the business can maintain a competitive advantage and how best to go about doing this. Bergen & Peteraf (2002) describe the importance of competitor analysis as being a positive motivator to increase managerial awareness of external threats and risks, essentially creating a leader who does not take a rather myopic approach to business strategy. The authors suggests that once the competitor has been identified, it is a primary goal to define the market in which the business thrives and determine whether competitors have an edge in finance, product or marketing and look for avenues by which to close this edge through positive business changes. Through this method of competitor analysis, the business understands the overall relevance of competitive activities and prevents the company from being blindsided by surprise moves in similar market environments. The authors propose a detailed, two step framework in competitor analysis in which the most important element is recognizing the level of threat stemming from each competitive entity. For instance, indirect competition is measured along with potential competition and direct competition (Bergen & Peteraf). By identifying competition in this fashion, business leadership creates a company profile based on the level of threat that each competitor maintains in any given business situation. This profile is then compared to long-term company strategy to determine which, if any, internal or external company resources should be allocated to

The impact of the First World War Essay Example for Free

The impact of the First World War Essay Using the four passages and your own knowledge, assess the view that the impact of the First World War was the main reason for the booming economy in the USA in the 1920’s (40 Marks) I believe that the First World War did not have as much of a significant impact on the American economy as mass production, infact i however see that instead of benefiting the economy the War in fact had the reverse effect to that of which interpretation A and C suggest that the war was the most important factor of the 1920’s American economic boom. Firstly, the biggest reason as to why mass production was the main reason for the economic boom was that the American GNP soaring from $72.4 billion in 1919 to $104 billion 1929 only 15 years after mass production was first implemented in America, the figures show the huge impact that mass production had upon the American economy, this is direct evidence of the huge impact mass production had as opposed to the 3 other interpretations which do not have any direct evidence of the impact they had upon the American economy, this is supporting that mass production had the most important impact on the American economy and shows evidence of why mass production was the main reason for the 1920’s boom. This leads to a criticism of source A as the interpretation does not refer to The First Wold War costing America over $32 Billion, instead of injecting growth into the economy the war in fact had the reverse effect as less money was available in America leading to slow growth in the economy. Mass production had a positive effect upon economy, boosting its GNP through stimulation of the American retail market. This supports why the War was not beneficial to the economic boom of the 20’s compared to mass production. Interpretation B states that ‘the key to the boom was a tremendous increase in productivity resulting from technological innovation and the application of scientific management’ this goes against the point that interpretation D suggests that Andrew Mellon was the key figure of the 1920’s boom in America. The reason why scientific management had a bigger impact than Andrew Mellon’s  reforms is because the implementation of mass production saw workers’ pay increased from $710 to $857, whereas Mellons reforms were based upon the banking in America which had little effect upon all classes whereas mass production benefited all classes of society. Also the scientific changes to production and the national scale it happened saw upon America begin to prosper and boom far before Andrew Mellons policies were implemented, after which there was little impact by Mellons policies as opposed to mass production which propelled the boom this supports the fact that mass production was the key reason for the booming economy in America. Mass production was the main reason for the economic boom is because once it was introduced in 1914 just a few years later there became a clear direct change to Americas economy as interpretation B states ‘Although the population grew by only 16% during the decade, industrial production almost doubled’ The increase in production saw the American economy begin to produce more and more goods, leading to a sharp increase in jobs, sales and profits. This supports my point that mass production was the most important factor to the American economic boom. Further support for mass production being the catalyst for the economic boom is because once production in mass was introduced in 1914 just a few years later there became a clear direct change to Americas economy as interpretation B supports ‘Although the population grew by only 16% during the decade, industrial production almost doubled’ The increase in production saw the American economy begin to produce more and more goods, leading to a sharp increase in jobs, sales and profits. This backs up the point that mass production was the most important factor to the American economic boom. Another point why mass production was the most important reason for the economic boom was the impact on electricity demand. Electricity demand shot up due to businesses needing electricity to power the machinery to mass produce products, interpretation B supports this as it says ‘Electricity consumption more than doubled during the decade mainly because of industrial demand’ the increase propelled a whole new area of business in America  creating thousands of jobs and further  strengthened the American economy showing further evidence that mass production was important to the boom. Mass production also effected domestic consumption of electricity. The increase of electricity usage further developed the economy of America. Interpretation B mentions the increase of power usage: ‘in 1912 only 16% of the population lived in electricity lit dwellings, the proportion had grown to 63% by 1927’ it also states ‘electrical household appliances came into general use. This can be used to criticize Interpretation C as it quotes ‘If every American could own a car and a house, buy quality clothes, own stock, take vacations and go to the movies then clearly there was no longer any significant inequality in society’ This quote is inaccurate as many across America did not see the benefits of the boom as interpretation C suggested. Much of the wealth was split between the North of America and the south. The north saw boomed while in the South the more agricultural based economy began to suffer, farmers where particularly affected by the boom new te chnologies and farming equipment left American farmers with a huge surplus of food. In order to sell the food farmers would drop and drop their prices until it soon became unprofitable and many became bankrupt and fell into poverty, hundreds of thousands of farmers land and homes were repossessed leaving them homeless. this is a criticism of interpretation C as it stated everybody had benefited from the war in America however it is untrue, whereas interpretation B states 63% lived in electricity lit dwellings not over exaggerating the impact it had and so making B more of a valid source. More evidence why mass production was the most important reason for the economic boom was the impact on electricity demand. Electricity demand shot up due to businesses needing electricity to power the machinery to mass produce products, interpretation B supports this as it says ‘Electricity consumption more than doubled during the decade mainly because of industrial demand’ the increase propelled a whole new area of business in America creating thousands of jobs and further strengthened the American economy showing further evidence that mass production was on necessities and not  luxuries while the male was away at war. This created a big stunt in the countries in economic growth. I also believe that passage C is not as important to boom in America, the passage asserts that America had the upper hand compared to its European rivals as WWII had devastated much of the European countries building factories and infrastructure. However this infact had the reverse effect that the passage expected, newly built factories in European countries had the latest technologies installed with modern planning and architecture compared to the previous buildings destroyed in the war. The rebuilding would have also increased productivity and kick-started economies as each country needed to develop and progress after the war. These countries needed lots of workers and so work was easy to find. People could earn wages and rebuild their lives by purchasing new houses. Consumer and governmental spending in the allied and Axis countries stimulated the countries’ economies leading to rapid economic growth. England and France quickly re-established their economies into even stron ger economic powers than before. Furthermore there was a huge amount of inequality in America, Racist inequality was at its highest during the 20’s with extremist groups such as the KKK gaining huge following from American people, and over 5 million people were members of the KKK in the 20’s. With 100’s of blacks being attacked and killed passage C is shown as a further inaccurate and invalid passage as it is contracted by evidence against it showing that America was not equal as Passage C suggest. A big criticism of interpretation D is that the piece is taken from an autobiography published almost 90 years after they had taken place, therefore the passage will not be as valid as a piece from the same time period. Also being an autobiography the piece will always have a bias towards Andrew Mellon and will possibly over play the role he had and will not mention any bad things about him. The passage is not as important as mass production impacted the whole of America on a national scale this showing that the innovation of businesses were more important than the  reforms he implemented. In conclusion I believe that mass production was the fundamental reason for the boom in the 1920’s. Their war was not important and did not have such an impact on American society as it was only a short term temporary effect on the economy, whereas mass production propelled all levels of society and business into economic growth and expansion. Interpretations a D are not as beneficial to the economy as they did not have such a major impact and interpretation D only made a small contribution to the economy unlike mass production which completely overhauled the whole American infrastructure permanently. Source C is also not a fully valid and reliable source, the passage has multiple criticisms due to the war being a very controversial point; however the war was a negative as it stifled the American economy and did not bring any long term positives to America. I believe that mass production was a much more significant reason for the boom in America as opposed to the war and Andrew Mellon’s policies as it had vast evidence of creating one of the most prosperous boom periods any economy has ever witnessed, this period saw America become the most affluent and powerful nations on earth from the 1920’s.

Riding a Roller Coaster Essay Example for Free

Riding a Roller Coaster Essay A roller coaster ride contains many loops and twists one after another. At first glance, the ride looks terrifying. I never thought I would see myself ride one until one day my niece forced me to get on one. She was only 13 years old at that time, and I was 20 years old. Being younger than me, I did not want to show her how scared I was, so I dropped my pride and rode it. After discovering the excitement of riding the roller coaster, I became addicted to it and kept riding it over and over again. During the holidays, my family and I went to Enchanted Kingdom in the Philippines. My little niece, Mai, wanted to ride the roller coaster called The Space Shuttle. Being the oldest, I had to follow her even though I was scared to ride it. While waiting in line for our turn, I noticed many people were anxious to get on, but for me I was nervous like a little boy. The sun was burning onto my skin and made me sweat more as the line grew shorter. I glanced up to the roller coaster, and I saw that it sped up a couple of times like a plane. At that point, I started to get butterflies in my stomach. By the time I was about to turn around, it was already too late. â€Å"It’s our turn,† my niece yelled with excitement. I became quiet and gave my ticket stub to the person in charge of the ride. We boarded and buckled ourselves in as tightly as we could. After buckling up, I told my niece that I was scared and I would be closing my eyes during the whole ride. She simply replied by saying, â€Å"Don’t close your eyes or it’ll be even scarier; raise your hands up so it’ll be more fun! † The ride was about to start, and my legs were Tumaneng 2 shivering and my fingers could not keep still. There was a countdown board in front of us with lights that were red, yellow, and then green. Once we hit the green light, the ride shot forward. I could not believe how fast the ride was going, and all the twist and turns lifted my stomach. I remembered what my niece said, and I followed her instructions. After the ride reached its fastest speed, it suddenly slowed down and in front of us was a hill, so we started to climb. I could hear the chain pulling up the cart, and everyone around me was smiling and having fun. I was already having fun from the beginning of the ride, and I wanted more. It was like a drug that I could not stop having. We reached the top when my niece yelled, â€Å"This is what I’ve been waiting for! † I put my hands up, and I could see how beautiful the amusement park was. Then, we descended and I screamed my lungs out. As we dropped, we went into a huge loop that made us go upside down. I could not have imagined how much fun I was having. I loved the adrenaline rush that was flowing through my body. This ride alone made my blood pump faster than ever, and I wanted more. To my disappointment, the ride came to a halt because it was over. We unbuckled ourselves and started to walk down the stairs, with my legs still shivering, but not from in fear but from excitement. I loved the ride! It was fast and had many different twists and turns. In that day alone, I rode the ride almost four times with Mai. Riding the Space Shuttle became my addiction. Each time I go back to the Philippines, I have to get onto that ride. My niece and I had a blast that day, and it is something that I cannot ever forget. The thrill of riding a roller coaster for the first time made me loves it forever.

The Life Of William Harvey

The Life Of William Harvey William Harvey an English physician, was the first to describe the circulation of the human body and properties of blood being transported throughout the body by its mechanical pump, the heart. He studied medicine at the University of Padua in Italy and was tutored by surgeon Hieronymus Fabricius. Fabricius, was fascinated by anatomy, and discovered that the veins in the human body had one-way valves, but was not too sure as to what their function was. Harvey went on, based on Fabriciuss findings, to figure out the role valves play in circulation of the body. He returned from Italy in 1602 and established himself as a physician. His career was taken to a whole new, better level when he married Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Elizabeth Is physician. They were married in 1604. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1607 and, in 1609, was appointed physician to St Bartholomews Hospital. The highlight of his career, however was probably when he became physician to Elizabeths successor James I and to James son Charles when he ascended to the throne, in 1618. Both King James and King Charles took a close interest in and encouraged Harvey in every step of his research. Harveys research was furthered through the dissection of animals. He first revealed his theories at the College of Physicians in 1616. In 1628 he published these theories in a book titled Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals). Here was where he explained how the heart pumped the blood in a circular course through the body. His discovery received great accolades and interest in England, although it was greeted with some scepticism on the Continent. Harvey was also the first to theorize that humans and other mammals reproduced via the fertilisation of an egg by sperm. It took another two centuries before a mammalian egg was finally observed, but Harveys theory still won credibility during his lifetime. Harvey held a close relationship with the royal family through the English Civil War and also witnessed the Battle of Edgehill. Harvey is often credited as the Father of Cardiovascular Medicine. His observations of dissected hearts showed that the valves in the heart allowed blood to flow in only one direction. Also, even though he lacked a microscope, he theorized that the arteries and veins were connected to each other by capillaries, which were later be discovered by Marcello Malpighi some years after Harveys death. William Harveys work became the foundation for all modern research on the heart and cardiovascular medicine. It has been said that Harveys proof of the continuous circulation of the blood within a contained system was the seventeenth centurys most significant achievement in physiology and medicine. He is also often referred to as the Father of Scientific Method. Harvey believed that direct observation was the correct way to draw conclusions about scientific facts. He kept records of his experiments. He did not record his findings until he proved them. This practice became known as the scientific method, and Harvey has received much credit for having promoted its use. Historical background William Harvey was the eldest child of merchant Thomas Harvey and Joan Halke and was born in Folkestone, Kent on the 1st of April, 1578 . His father was known to be a styled gentleman, who upon referring to the register of Williams matriculation at Cambridge, was designated a yeoman of Kent. He must have been a man of some substance and position, as all of his seven sons followed careers, and attained positions necessitating the possession of capital at the outset. William had five brothers who were all merchants of repute in the city of London. They traded extensively with Turkey and the Levant. John, the second son, was at one time Member of Parliament for Hythe, and afterwards became Kings Beceiver for Lincolnshire, and Footman to His Majesty. Of Joan Halke, Harveys mother, but little has been preserved to us, and that little has been derived from the inscription on a monumental slab in Folkestone Church. She is there described as having died in her 50th year, the mother of seven sons and two daughters. A Godly harmles Woman: A chaste loveing Wife: A charitable quiet Neighbour: A cofortable frendly Matron: A pevident diligent Huswyfe: A careful teder-harted Mother. Deere to her Husband: Eeverensed of her Children: Beloved of her Neighbours: Elected of God. Whose Soule Best in Heaven: her Body in this Grave: To Her a Happy Advantage: To Hers an Unhappy Loss. Conjecture has attributed the authorship of the inscription to her son William. There were two daughters, one of whom died young, and of the other nothing beyond her name is known. Harvey attended Kings School in Canterbury from 1588 to 1593. There he worked at the ordinary subjects of an English education, and acquired a good knowledge of both Latin and Greek. This was essential at a time when the influence of authority was triumphant, and when even contemporary literature, to appear learned, must needs be expressed in Latin. He then studied at Cambridge University and Gonville and Caius College from 15 93 to 1599. He spent these years in the study of classics, dialectics and physics. Such a course of training was then, as now, considered a fitting prelude to the study of the science and art of medicine. In 1597, being then nineteen years of age, he was made a Bachelor of Arts of his university. At that time, and indeed until quite recently, the University of Cambridge was in a very different position with regard to the teaching of medicine from what we now find. Divinity was its chief glory, and the well equipped medical school of the present was almost unrepresented, one or two professorships only being devoted to medical subjects. Hence he decided to attend one of the premier institutes of Medicine in the Continent, located in Padua, to pursue his career in medicine. It was there that he worked with Hieronymus Fabricius, who was a well known anatomist and had observed the one-way valves in blood vessels. After graduating from Padua, he returned to England to establish himself as a physician and joined the College of Physicians on the 5th of October, 1604. After marrying Elizabeth Browne, daughter of physician Lancelot Browne, he accepted his position at St. Bartholomews Hospital, succeeding a Dr. Wilkinson, as the physician in charge of the hospital. At this point, the physicians function consisted of a simple but thorough analysis of patients who were brought to the hospital once a week and the consequent writing of prescriptions. Hieronymus Fabricius The next important phase of Harveys life began when he was appointed to the office of Lumleian lecturer on 4 August 1615. The Lumleian lectureship, consisted in giving lectures for a period of seven years, with the purpose of enlightening and increasing the general knowledge of anatomy throughout England. Harvey began his lectures in April 1616. At this time, at the age of thirty-seven, he was described as a man of lowest stature, round faced; his eyes small, round, very black and full of spirit; his hair as black as a raven and curling ( Book : William Harvey; author : Sir DArcy Power; year: 1897) . Some of the notes which he used at the time are preserved in the British Museum (the manuscript notes of which contain the first account of blood circulation). At the beginning of his lectures, Harvey laid down the canons for his guidance: To show as much as may be at a glance, the whole belly for instance, and afterwards to subdivide the parts according to their positions and relations. To point out what is peculiar to the actual body which is being dissected. To supply only by speech what cannot be shown on your own credit and by authority. To cut up as much as may be in the sight of the audience. To enforce the right opinion by remarks drawn far and near, and to illustrate man by the structure of animals. Not to praise or dispraise other anatomists, for all did well, and there was some excuse even for those who are in error. Not to dispute with others, or attempt to confute them, except by the most obvious retort. To state things briefly and plainly, yet not letting anything pass unmentioned which can be seen. Not to speak of anything that can be well explained without the body or can be read at home. Not to enter into too much detail, or in too minute dissection, for the time does not permit. To allot a definite time to each part of the body i.e. first days lectures dedicated to the abdomen, the second to the thorax, the third to the brain and so on. (Book: William Harvey; author: Sir DArcy Power; year: 1897) . He soon attained a practice of great importance, when he was appointed the Physician Extraordinary to King James I, on the 3rd of February 1618. Although Harveys practice suffered because of his radical views, he was also in the picture during King Charles Is reign. Harvey accompanied King Charles I wherever he went as Physician in Ordinary. In particular, Charles hunting expeditions gave Harvey access to many deer carcasses. Harvey made use of these deer carcasses by conducting most of his experiments on them; from these, he made his many observations and consequent theories. King James I King Charles I During the English Civil War a mob of citizen-soldiers against the King entered Harveys lodgings, stole his goods, and scattered his papers. The papers consisted of the records of a large number of dissections of diseased bodies, with this observations on the development on insects, and a series of notes on comparative anatomy. ( Book: William Harvey; author: Sir DArcy Power; year: 1897). Harvey continued to maintain his position and helped the wounded on several occasions. He also protected the Kings children. The conflicts of the Civil War soon led King Charles to Oxford, with Harvey attending, where the physician was made Doctor of Physic in 1642 and later Warden of Merton College in 1645. In Oxford he (Harvey) very soon settled down to his accustomed pursuits, unmindful of the clatter of arms and of the constant marching and countermarching around him, for the city remained the base of operations until its surrender ( Book: William Harvey; author: Sir DArcy Power; year: 1897) Merton College The surrender of Oxford in 1645 marked the beginning of Harveys gradual retirement from the medical world. Now sixty-eight years old and childless, Harvey had lost three brothers and wife at this time. He decided to return to London and live with his brothers Eliab and Daniel separately and in different periods of time. Having retired from St BartholomewHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomews_HospitalHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomews_Hospitals Hospital and his various other aforementioned positions, he passed most of this time reading general literature. Several attempts to bring Harvey back into the working world were made, however; here is an excerpt of one of Harveys answers: Would you be the man who should recommend me to quit the peaceful haven where I now pass my life and launch again upon the faithless sea? You know full well what a storm my former lucubrations raised. Much better is it oftentimes to grow wise at home and in private, than by publishing what you have amassed with infinite labour, to stir up tempests that may rob you of peace and quiet for the rest of your days. (Book: William Harvey; author: Sir DArcy Power; year :1897) He died of a stroke on June 3, 1657, and, lapt in lead, was buried in Hempstead church. Apparently, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage from vessels long injured by gout: it is highly probable that the left Sylvian artery malfunctioned, leading to a gradual accumulation of blood to the brain which eventually overwhelmed it, resulting in his death. There exists a fairly detailed account of what happened on that day; according to the information at hand, Harvey: went to speak and found that he had the dead palsy in his tongue; then he saw what was to become of him. He knew there were then no hopes of his recovery, so presently he sends for his young nephews to come up to him. He then made signs (for seized with the dead palsy in his tongue he could not speak) to let him blood his tongue, which did him little or no good, and so ended his days, dying in the evening of the day on which he was stricken, the palsy giving him an easy passport. (Book: William Harvey; author: Sir DArcy Power; year: 1897) Experimental Procedures Harvey was well trained in anatomy, and he, like his idols Versalius and Fabricius, was convinced that the interventricular septum was not leaky to blood. Also, he was born into an era in which experimentation, computation and simple observation, became recognized as essential tools of the scientific method. He was well aware of the works of Copernicus and Kepler, and of his contemporary Galileo, for whom the combination of careful observation and computation resulted in nothing less than a switch between the earth and the sun as the center of our universe; Galileos dictum Measure all that is measurable, and make those things measurable which have hitherto not been measured (Book: William Harveys Biological Ideas; author: W. Pagel; year: 1967) was deeply impressed upon him. He was also familiar with the somewhat earlier writings of Santorio Santoro, who, sitting on an exquisitely sensitive balance, compared his body weight and the difference between the ingested food and his excreta and was capable of observing that the body lost a certain amount of weight continuously in the form of insensible perspiration (Book: History of Physiology; author: E. Rothschuh; year: 1973). But Harvey himself was a pioneer (Book: Handbook of Physiology: Circulation; author: CD Leake; year: 1962 ). Unlike the great Kepler, who improved upon Copernicus observations, and Galileo, whose telescope unequivocally established the Copernican revolution, Harvey did not build on anything, revise anything, or improve on anything. This revolution was set forth in his book entitled Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus or Anatomical Essay on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (Book: On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals; author: William Harvey, translated by Keynes G; year: 1978), commonly referred to as De Motu Cordis or simply De Motu. It was published in 1628 when Harvey was already 50 years old. Knowing that he was challenging a big fish, he opened the monograph with a letter to the King, Prince Charles, with the statement : The heart of animals is the foundation of their life, the sovereign of everything within themfrom which all power proceeds. The King, in like manner, is the foundation of his kingdom, the sun of the world around him, the heart of the republic, the foundation whence all power, all grace doth flow. (Book: Scientific Papers: Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology, with Introductions, Notes and Illustrations; author: William Harvey, translated by Willis R; year: 1910) His dedication to the President of the Royal College of Physicians reads like: Hey, Im really not out to get anyone, all I want to do is tell the truth! For example, in this dedication he states the studious and good and true do not esteem it discreditable to desert error, though sanctioned by the highest antiquity, for they know full well that to err, to be deceived, is human.I would not charge with willful falsehood anyone who was sincerely anxious for truth, nor lay it at any ones door as a crime that he had fallen into error. I avow myself the partisan of truth alone. (Book: Scientific Papers: Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology, with Introductions, Notes and Illustrations; author: William Harvey, translated by Willis R; year: 1910) He closes: Farewell, most worthy Doctors, and think kindly of your Anatomist (Book: Scientific Papers: Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology, with Introductions, Notes and Illustrations; author: William Harvey, translated by Willis R; year: 1910), suggesting that he feared the worst. Harveys revolutionary conclusion that blood is conserved and circulates was based on only a few observations, the major ones were as follows: First, he measured the total amount of blood that could be drained from sheep, pigs, and some other subprimate mammals. He then measured the volume of the left ventricles of these animals and calculated that, if the left ventricle were to empty with each beat, in one hour the total volume of blood pumped would be much greater that in the ingesta( material taken into the body by means of the digestive tract) or even that contained in the entire animal. Indeed, this would be true even if one-tenth of the blood contained by the ventricle were ejected per beat. Therefore, he concluded, it is a matter of necessity that the blood perform a circuit, that it returns to whence it set out. He then demonstrated, publicly, that when a live snake is laid open, compression of the vein entering the heart leads to a small heart that is devoid of blood upon opening it. If on the contrary, the artery instead of the vein be compressed or tied you will observe the part between the obstacle and the heart, and the heart itself to become largely distended and, in the end, to become so oppressed with blood that you will believe it about to be choked. (Book: Scientific Papers: Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology, with Introductions, Notes and Illustrations; author: William Harvey, translated by Willis R; year: 1910) He also showed that, following light application of a tourniquet to the arm, the veins become engorged and that blood can only be milked from an engorged vein in the oral direction toward the heart but when the vein is thus emptied it only fills from the periphery. Also, when one knows the diameter and length of the cylinder of vein, one can calculate the volume of blood that flows through the vein during rapid emptying and refilling. Harvey showed that in a day more blood flows through that segment alone than the quantity of food ingested. Harveys experiment illustrating the venous valves (nodes or portals) and the unidirectional nature of emptying and filling. He also states: Now if you reckon the business, how much by one compression moves upwards by suppression of the portal, and multiplying that by thousands, you shall find so much blood passd by this means through a little part of a vein, that you will find yourself perfectly persuaded concerning the circulation of the blood, and of its swift motion (Book: Scientific Papers: Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology, with Introductions, Notes and Illustrations; author: William Harvey, translated by Willis R; year: 1910). Harvey also possessed a lifelong obsession with animal generation. His fascination with the perfection of animals brought about his desire to find out how the organisms arise. This is described in his introduction to his Essays on the Generation of Animals. His fascination sprouted from his study of Aristotles ideas of generation. Harvey decided to further investigate Aristotles views by studying a hens eggs in order to understand the meaning of generation in animals. He justified his decision and his plan of pursuing his research in Of the Method to be pursued in studying Generation passage of the introduction to Essays of the Generation of Animals. First of all, a hens egg had a simple structure and readily available for frequent experimentation. In the introduction to his essays, he further explained that his choice of using a chicken egg was acceptable because the other animals had similar means of generation. Results drawn from the experiment he would conduct on a hens egg coul d be related to the reproduction in more complex animals; even animals that did not produce eggs. All animals reproduce with some form of an egg, which he considered to be a metaphor for the simple origin of any new life form. Harvey considered it necessary to start with the less complicated animals because this would allow him to repeat the tests many number of times to ensure accurate results. His strategy was to observe the formation of a chick to create a history of its development. Harvey would then use this information to show the cause of generation and the order in which it proceeded in. Before Harveys research, scientists believed in a theory known as pre-formation, which assumed that an animal already possessed the traits of the mature mammal and grew in size in the mothers womb. William Harvey refuted these prior theories in his consideration of the history of an eggs development. He noticed that the fetus began as a single drop of blood and then further differentiated into an egg which later became the chick. As a result, he rejected the idea that an exact replica of the organism could be found in reproductive material of either the male or the female. Harvey, however, learned by investigating the stages of development in the eggs that some parts of the animal are engendered before others. (Book: William Harvey and the Purpose of Circulation; author: Walter Pagel; year: 1951). Another concern of Harveys was the theories of previous scientists on the role of the male and the female in animal generation. Scientists before attempted to find an answer to this mystery. Galen assumed the yolk in a hens egg was a joint of male and female secretions (Book: Investigations into Generation; author: Elizabeth Gasking; year: 1967). Aristotle hypothesized that the cause of generation was the males semen acting on the menstrual blood of the female making the menstrual blood the source of matter and the semen the efficient source (Book: William Harvey and the Primacy of Blood; author: John White; year: 1986). Fabricius presumed the male caused the material and the female provided the nourishment. Harvey wanted to solve the mystery of the purpose of each sex, so he examined the male and female genital systems of the deer carcasses he found in King Charles Royal Parks (Book: Investigations into Generation; author: Elizabeth Gasking; year: 1967). Through Harveys investigation, he disproved Aristotles theories and clarified this in the passage Of the manner, according to Aristotle, in which a perfect and fruitful egg is produced by the male and female fowl in his essays (Book: The Works Of William Harvey; translated by Robert Willis; year: 1847). He did not consider Aristotles efficient cause as relevant in the discussion of reproduction because Aristotles agent of the efficiency was only semen from the male. According to Harvey, semen was an external cause and could not produce an effect on the soul of the offspring because it was not with it throughout its lifetime of the offspring (Book: Investigations into Generation; author: Elizabeth Gasking; year: 1967). Also, Harvey expla ined the female must have a role in the efficiency when he stated, The earth, too, spontaneously engenders many things without seed, and among animals, certain females, but females only, procreate of themselves and without the concurrence of the male: hens, for example, lay hypenemic eggs; but males; without the intervention of females, engender nothing (Book: The Works Of William Harvey; translated by Robert Willis; year: 1847). He deduced that if the female can reproduce without the male, then the male must not be the only agent to produce the efficiency. He was able to develop this view by looking at less complex organisms and extending it to more evolved animals because he considered all animals to share similar reproductive processes. Accordingly, he allowed himself to make broad generalizations about generation through species barriers. One of the many reasons for William Harveys success was his meticulous experimentation, now known as the scientific method. Scientists precedi ng William Harvey used experimentation in order to investigate; however, Harvey set a new standard for testing. He made precise calculations before and during experiments. For example, in his study of circulation, he calculated the exact amount of blood released from the heart with every thrust (Book: Early Reactions to Harveys Circulation Theory: The Impact on Medicine; author: Steven Lubitz; year: 2004). Harvey closely examined and dissected various animals. While many scientists such as Galen used only careless observation, Harvey tested physically and then retested numerous times to ensure his results lacked error. In fact, William Harvey was the first to apply quantitative and observational methods simultaneously within his research. He picked test subjects that would be immediately available for many experiments. In the examination of blood and animal generation, Harvey used hens eggs because they were cheap and available in abundance. As the Kings physician, Harvey examined d eer in his studies of animal generation. King Charles was fascinated by Harveys research, so he gave the carcasses of his weekly deer hunting to Harvey to dissect (Book: Where Do Babies Come From? ; author: R.V. Short; year: 2000). The substitution of the mammal into testing greatly advanced Harveys research because he could relate his concepts of reproduction to an organism that did not produce an actual egg. Contributions Harvey was awestruck by the way blood flowed through the human body. Most people of the day believed that food was converted into blood by the liver, and then was consumed as fuel by the body. Harvey knew this was false by the understanding of his firsthand observations of the human and animal dissections he made earlier to study on. In 1628 Harvey published An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals which explained how blood was pumped from the heart throughout the body, then returned to the heart and re-circulated. This book expressed views that were very controversial and lost Harvey many patients, but it ultimately became the basis for all modern research on the heart and blood vessels. Unlike the other anatomical textbooks written in the past, Harveys book has only one illustration with a set of four related figures. This absence of pictures was probably deliberate to show Harveys dedication to the scientific experimental method. The reader by act ually recreating Harveys experiments was forced to follow each step of Harveys methods specifically, in a way that a general examination of illustrations did not require. The four figures depict a simple but persuasive experiment that can be performed on a human arm without dissection. The experiment involves tying the arm with a tourniquet and adjusting the tightness to demonstrate that the blood can either be cut off from the arm or permitted to overfill the arm, causing the veins to bulge. This procedure was also used for bloodletting: the removal of blood from the vein in the arm was a common treatment for a variety of medical conditions and was also a means of preventing disease. Bloodletting was a common therapy of early medicine. It was done by cutting into a vein, called venesection or phlebotomy. This work was often done by a surgeon or a barber-surgeon. The veins near the elbow were commonly used. In this book, Harvey proves the following: that it is the contraction, not the dilation, of the heart which coincides with the pulse, and that the ventricles as true muscular sacs squeeze the blood which they contain into the aorta and pulmonary artery; that the pulse is not produced by the arteries enlarging and so filling, but by the arteries being filled with blood and so enlarging; that there are no pores in the septum of the heart, so that the whole blood in the right ventricle is sent to the lungs and around by the pulmonary veins to the left ventricle, and also that the whole blood in the left ventricle is again sent into the arteries, around by the smaller veins into the vena cava, and by them to the right ventricle again thus making a complete circulation; that the blood in the arteries and that in the veins is the same blood; that the action of the right and left sides of the heart, auricles, ventricles and valves, is the same, the mechanism in both being for reception and propulsion of liquid and not of air, since the blood on the right side, though mixed with air, is still blood; that the blood sent through the arteries to the tissues is not all used, but that most of it runs through into the veins; that there is no to and fro undulation in the veins, but a constant stream from the distant parts towards the heart; that the dynamical starting-point of the blood is the heart and not the liver. This demonstration of the circulation was incomplete in one point only, though. Harvey could not discover the capillaries through which the blood passes from the arteries into the veins. This gap in the circulation was filled in several years later by the great Italian anatomist Marcello Malpighi, who in 1661, a few years after Harveys death, observed in the lungs of a frog, by the newly invented microscope, how the blood passes from the one set of vessels to the other. Harvey saw all that could be seen by the naked eye in his observations on living animals; Malpighi, four years after Harveys death, by another observation on a living animal, completed the marvelous chain of evidence. A second ground-breaking book published by Harvey in 1651, Essays on the Generation of Animals, is considered the basis for modern embryology. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, theories of embryology and development were superimposed with theories of sexual reproduction, along with a number of theories on the origins of life, most of which supported the idea of spontaneous generation. During this period debates raged over spontaneous generation, the idea that life was spontaneously created out of inanimate matter. The popular belief that living organisms propagated from mud in streams, dirt, or environments such as rotting meat was supported by a number of scholars. William Harveys research into reproduction, published in 1651 as Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium (Essays on the generation of animals), began to cast doubt on spontaneous generation. Harvey believed that all life reproduced sexually, a view that he stated with his famous dictum Ex ovo omnia (Everything comes from the egg). Although he was taught by Fabricius, William Harvey criticized his teachers views about reproduction. In fact, the inaccuracy he saw in Fabriciuss beliefs prompted his investigation of animal generation (Book: The Ovary of Eve: Egg and Sperm and Pre-formation (The organism is preformed as a complete miniature structure in the sperm or the egg and simply grows larger as it develops. This means that the first reproducing human would have had to have all succeeding generations within itself. Sort of like Russian dolls.) ; author: Pinto-Correia, Clara; year: 1997). The flaws Harvey detected were in Fabriciuss idea of the role semen played in reproduction. His teacher thought that after the male had been in contact with the female, all the eggs are made fertile. But upon his experimentation, Harvey discovered that the hen laid an egg ten days after interaction with the male, and then another thirteen days after. Hence, he concluded that the male did fertilize more than one of the yolks. Awards/ Prizes William Harvey never won any awards or prizes, al

Shakespeares Othello: Is Jealousy the Cause? Essay examples -- Othell

The hero in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello is guided to murder by his passions. Which passions? Jealousy? Sexual jealousy? In this paper let us look into these questions. In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley denies that jealousy is a major causative factor in the play: The play eludes with ease any attempt to pin it down to a solution: why it happened, what caused it, what weakness in Othello was involved? Even jealousy as such is not the reason. Jealousy is a long-term affair, with its own rules and customs, its own subterranean animosities and grudges. (204) Contrasting with this critical opinion is that of another esteemed critic. Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes definitively categorizes Othello as a â€Å"study in jealousy†: Othello has suffered less in its modern interpretation than any other of Shakespeare’s tragedies, it would seem. So insistently did Shakespeare keep this tragedy unified about the theme of jealousy and the central victims of the passion, so obviously did he mould his plot about the black Moor and the cunning Iago and the victims of their jealousy that no interpreter has been able to ignore the obvious intention of the author. Yet if we study the contemporary interpretations of the passion here portrayed, we find that Shakespeare was following in detail a broader and more significant analysis of the passion than has in modern days been understood. The play is, however, clearly a study in jealousy and in jealousy as it affects those of different races. (148) Can we narrow down the concept of jealousy in this play to a specific type? Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† sees this play as a study in sexual jealousy: Othello is not a study in prid... ...vington, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970. Ferguson, Francis. â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970. Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.      

The iPod Essay -- Essays Papers

The iPod Perhaps it has escaped your notice, but it seems that recently everyone is jumping on the iPod bandwagon. Those thin white cords seems to dangle from everyone’s ears, and the tell-tale rectangular bulge is seen in every other back pocket. Well, not only did I notice the bandwagon passing me by daily in the hallways, but I decided to jump on the iPod bandwagon myself. And now the question is, have YOU jumped on the iPod bandwagon The iPod leads the contemporary revolution in portable digital music, and has come to be one of Apple’s hottest selling item. Weighing in at just 5.6 ounces and not much larger than your standard cigarette pack, the iPod is the answer to taking your tunes with you wherever you want to go. That is if you can afford the $299 that you’ll be set back for a 20GB model, or the $399 you’ll dish out for 40GB of iPod magic. But if you just can’t squeeze out that kind of cash, you could always settle for the iPod Mini, iPod’s little sister, that sells for $249, and still holds 1,000 songs - that’s enough to get you through a long weekend, or better ye...

The Management Style at Cadbury Essay -- Business and Management Studi

A description of the management style used at Cadbury There are three main management styles that a business can have these are:  · Democratic  · Consultative  · Autocratic  · Laissez-faire Cadbury’s management style is democratic. This is when all members of staff work together as a team. The managers listen to the other employees ideas and suggestions before they go ahead with decisions. If ideas are found to be achievable and successful by the senior group, then it is taken forward. Then as a team they reach a decision. The approach of this style is that they care and listen to everyone in the teams view and what they think not just their own. This style can be used in both large and small groups. It would work well in a large motivated groups because they can come to a decision a lot quicker, but in a smaller group they can fail with coming up with a decision amongst themselves and will need real guidance and direction. If a decision cannot be made then a vote will take place and the out come will be the one with the most votes. This management style is good for Cadbury because it motivates workers; with having power and decision-making and through this it allows them to be involved in the business. The ways in which Cadbury shows that they are a democratic style is:  · An example is when they come to the idea of developing a new product. The then consult production, then marketing, then finance, have a meeting with everyone concern or who has/wants a say, the product then goes into production and management then makes the final decision.  · They also had to discuss whether it was a good idea to fill the vending machines in the U.S.A with their products. The majority of the employees decided on this that it would be a good idea, so they went ahead, and in the end they beat the other competitors.  · When Cadbury’s World was being developed they would have to decide on the structure of it, what should and shouldn’t be included, the facilities that will be offer and much more important information. All the members of Cadburys would have the opportunities to give their views of the ideas. Within a consultative management, which is similar to the democratic, approach instead of discussions with the group and coming up with the decision together the managers so it themselves. This approach ... ...sation and very low morale. It relies on the power or personality of the owner or directors who all the key decisions this can end up being a problem if these people change. the people that are consider to work well in this culture are like-minded to help with the approach of the running of the organisation. The structure tends to be loose and informal, it tends to be organised by functions Role culture this offers logic, reality and security. It can also get very frustrating when trying to get a job done. It has a formal structure, which is hierarchical. This organisation’s jobs can be done by many people, even though the limits of the jobs are strictly controlled. The job or role can been seen to be more important then the people. Person Culture this organisation exists to serve the people in it. It is aimed to satisfy and motivate them. The style that this organisation works to is that the people are more important than the actual organisation. This style works best in reality because it is a small, informal flat organisation. It is found mostly in professional organisations such as management consultancy where each consultant works on individual projects.

Fruit and vegetable consumption among young adults Essay

The World Health Organisation is predicting that chronic disease will account for over sixty per cent of deaths; with 41 million deaths by 2015.1 Up to 80% chronic disease could be prevented by eliminating tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and the harmful use of alcohol.2 Chronic disease and obesity in Australia are continuing to contribute to premature death and burden of disease.3 Cardiovascular disease and cancer remain the main causes of disease burden and type 2 diabetes prevalence has trebled in the last ten years and is expected to be the leading cause of disability and death by 2023.4 The rapid rise in diabetes incidence and prevalence is thought to be due to the rising rate of obesity.5 61% of Australian adults, using measured BMI are currently either overweight or obese6 , with younger age groups gaining weight more quickly than previous generations.7 Approximately 32% of Australia’s total burden of disease can be attributed to modifiable risk factors. 4 Considerable reductions in morbidity and mortality from diet-related diseases could be achieved if the population increases healthy eating behaviours including increasing the consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV).8 Fruit and vegetable consumption is strongly linked to the prevention of chronic disease and to achieving better overall health.9 Internationally up to 2.6 million deaths and 1.8 % of global burden of disease is attributable to low FV consumption. Inadequate FV intake in Australia is thought to be responsible for 2.1% of the overall burden of disease.10 Increasing individual FV intake could reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease by 31%.11 In particular reviews of studies have indicated that FVs reduce the risk of developing cancer12; cardiovascular disease13 and obesity.14,15 A meta-analysis of studies investigating FV intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes indicated no significant benefits for increasing FVs but an increase in green leafy vegetables could sign ificantly reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes.16 The mechanism of action is thought to be related to their micronutrient, antioxidant, phytochemical and fibre content.17 Current recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption Based on  available evidence the World Cancer Research Fund recommends eating at least 400g of non-starchy vegetables and fruits per day (2007).12 The Australian Dietary Guidelines recommend that Australians consume a minimum of two serves of fruit and five serves of vegetable daily.9 Current consumption patterns are well below these figures. Data on FV consumption in Australia is collected predominantly via validated short questions as part of the National Health Survey. This self reporting of FV consumption does incorporate a number of errors related to the ability of individuals to determine serve sizes18 and the validity and reliability of the short questions. Alternative measures of FVs, predominantly food frequency questionnaires have been determined for different age groups19, 20. For adults the most recent determination of FV intake indicates that only 56% of females and 46% of males over the age of 15 are eating t he recommended serves of fruit and 10% of females and 7% of males over the age of 15, are eating the recommended serves of vegetable daily. 15 The 2007 national children’s nutrition and physical activity survey used a combination of multipass 24 hour food recalls and food frequency and indicated that only 1-2% of older children were consuming three serves of fruit and only 1-11% of older children met the guideline for vegetable consumption21. In another survey specifically looking at young adults 34-43% of those aged 19-24 year olds met the daily fruit consumption guidelines of two serves a day but only 8-10% of young adults ate the recommended five serves per day of vegetable.3, 22 Low consumption of FVs is, therefore, an issue across the spectrum of age groups. While young adults do not necessarily have FV intakes any worse than older adults and children, the lack of overt medical problems has meant that the 18-24 year old age group have received little attention.23 Given that fewer young adults consume the recommended serves of vegetable, strategies that focus solely on vegetables would appear to be appropriate . Young adulthood is a critical age for weight gain24; and in the United States the transition from high school to college is a potential period of rapid weight gain increasing the risk of obesity in later adulthood.25 Chronic conditions are a significant challenge for Australia’s young people because these conditions can affect normal growth and development, quality of life,  long-term health and wellbeing, and successful participation in society, education and employment.3 Studies predominantly undertaken in the United States and Europe are contradictory with respect to whether food habits are positively or negatively affected in the transition to independence. In one study students living independently were more likely to consume a healthy diet than their counterparts living at home. Independent living may increase responsibility of various food-related activities such as budgeting, purchase, preparation and cooking which young adults living at home have not yet developed.26 Other research however indicates that dependent students consume more FVs – independent students may take more responsibility for their food choices while dependent students may be controlled by the primary care-givers.27 It should be noted that the transition from highschool to university in Australia is not necessarily marked by a move out of the family home as it does in the United States, Canada and parts of Europe. Living on campus or in university-provided accommodati on is only undertaken by a small percentage of students in Australia. In 2008, there were almost 3 million young people aged 15–24 years in Australia, accounting for 14% of the total population.3 In addition the majority of Australians who start a course at a higher education institution are aged between 15 and 34 years of age and in 2009 more than 45% of young adults aged 18-24 years were enrolled in a course of study leading to a degree or diploma qualification.28 Universities and other higher education institutions would therefore be an appropriate setting to target individuals in this age group. Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption The National Public Health Partnership identified the primary determinants of FV consumption to inform the development of strategies.29, 30 These are outlined in the table below. Table 1 Identification of determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption Determinant Objectives Food supply Increase and sustain access to high quality, safe, affordable FVs Awareness Increase the proportion of the population aware of the need to increase consumption of FVs Attitude/Perceptions Increase the proportion of the population who perceive the benefits of FVs in terms of taste, convenience, low relative cost, safety and health. Knowledge Increase the proportion of the population with the knowledge of the recommended minimum intakes of FVs Skills to purchase and prepare Increase the proportion of the population with the knowledge, skills and confidence to select and prepare convenient low cost, tasty FV dishes For children, adolescents and adults, previous consumption or exposure to FVs, knowledge, awareness, preparation skills and involvement in food preparation, lack of time and taste preference have all been implicated in the consumption of FVs .31,32,33 From an environmental perspective, availability of FVs within home, school and community settings plays a significant role in promoting FV consumption.32, 34 Those who report eating home grown produce have significantly higher intakes of FVs while poor accessibility to shops and high FV prices have been shown to have a negative impact on FV consumption.35, 36 The presence of a major food retailer in an area has been associated with improved FV consumption.37 In Australia, the evidence is less clear-cut with those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas having similar opportunities to purchase FVs when compared to those in levels of higher advantage.38 Recent work has indicated that price and availability in disadvantaged areas are similar to those in more advantaged areas but that quality could be seriously compromised, which could impact purchasing behaviour.39 FV prices have been identified as a significant barrier in FV consumption with intakes among those of lower and middle socioeconomic positions more price responsive than their higher socioeconomic position counterparts (Powell et al 2009).40 The national public health partnership identified the lack of recognition of the low relative cost of FVs as a barrier to consumption.29 However, given the recent rapid increase in FV prices identified by the Australian Bureau of Stati stics (15.5% increase for  fruit and 11.4% increase for vegetables in the December 2010 quarter) the perception of cost now may be a reality and a significant barrier to consumption.41 For young adults at university many of the determinants described above are applicable. In addition, access to cooking facilities and equipment, increased availability of unhealthy and convenience foods choices, lack of access to transport, cost of food, lack of time to prepare and to shop, lack of knowledge and of cooking skills were all identified as barriers to FV consumption.42, 43 Given the increased mobility of young adults a focus on home or school may not be sufficient. Recent research indicates that 40% of eating occasions for young adults were on average 6.7 miles (10.5 km) away from their primary place of residence regardless of whether they were living with care-givers or independently.44 This being the case proximity may play a relatively minor role in an individual’s food choices. Instead decisions may be based on a complex web including food quality, pricing, variety, availability, travel patterns, social or cultural influences and various other factors.44 Strategies Based on the determinants and using the Ottawa Charter as a framework, strategies can be divided into two primary categories those that build personal skills and those that create supportive environments. The majority of interventions have not been undertaken with the target group but rather with children (primarily in school settings) and adults. Work with the young adult age group however has highlighted that there is a general lack of understanding about motivators25 but that negative health outcomes are not particularly relevant and the focus should be more on taste.45 Social and environmental cues, on the other hand, could be especially significant.46 In Australia, the broadest population campaign has been Go for 2 and 5. This media campaign began in Western Australia and has since been implemented nationally and in each individual state. The campaign primarily aimed to increase FV consumption through the increased awareness and knowledge of the benefits of FVs, ways to cook FVs and serve size awareness. Evaluation has indicated that the campaign was successful in reaching the target audience and achieving increased awareness of recommended serves of FVs. The Western Australian campaign achieved an average increase of 0.5 of a serve.28 Primary target groups have been children and adults, adolescents and young adults have not been a focus. Education strategies have included embedding curricula in primary and secondary schools and providing regular newsletters to increase knowledge.47 For children and adolescents other successful strategies focus on creating supportive environments combined with elements of education including the provision of free or subsidised fruit either directly or through the provision of tasting programs, snacks, gardening or cooking. 47,48, 49, 50 Within more community settings, interventions have included point of purchase information, reduced pricing, promotion and advertising and increased availability and variety.51 However, there is little evaluation of the effectiveness of these strategies for improving fruit and vegetable consumption in the wider community. Very few of these interventions have been trialled with young adults as the target group. For the few programs that have focussed on young adults the strategies have centred on the development of personal skills through the provision of education either as on-line individualised programs25; tailored individualised counselling52; newsletters promoting FV intake23; and via a general nutrition course to enable students to move from knowledge to application.53 All of these showed modest short term increases in FV intake, a lack of data means that long term establishment of behaviour has not been determined. Based on the available evidence there is a need to focus on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among young adults. Given the large numbers of young adults at tertiary institutions – universities are an appropriate setting. There are few strategies that particularly focus on young adults in the Australian context. However, based on the underlying determinants, strategies should focus on improving knowledge, awareness and preparation skills, changing taste preferences, increasing availability of FVs within local settings, reducing the cost of FVs in selected settings. The development of a comprehensive, multi-strategy program specifically addressing increased fruit and vegetable consumption is required in order to  improve general health outcomes and specifically reduce the risk of chronic disease. References 1. World Health Organisation. (2005). Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment. World Health Organisation Geneva. 2. World Health Organisation. (2008). 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. World Health Organisation: Geneva. 3. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2010). Australia’s Health 2010. Canberra, AIHW. Australia’s Health Series no. 12. Cat. no. AUS 122. 4. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s Health 2008. (2008). Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Canberra. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10585. 5. Colagiuri, R., Colagiuri, S., Yach, D. and Pramming S. (2006). The answer to diabetes prevention: science, surgery, service delivery, or social policy? American Journal of Public Health 96.9:1562–9. 6. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Summary of Results National Health Survey 2007-2008. Cat #: 4364.0 h ttp://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4364.0Main%20Features42007-2008%20(Reissue)?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=4364.0&issue=2007-2008%20(Reissue)&num=&view= Accessed February 24th 2011 7. Allman-Farinelli, M.A., Chey, T., Bauman, A.E., Gill, T., and James, W. P. T. (2007). Age, period and birth cohort effects on prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian adults from 1990 to 2000. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62: 898-907. 8. McCullough, M. L., Feskanich, D., Stampfer, M. J., Giovannucci, E. L., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D.J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W.C. (2002). Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76(6): 1261-1271. 9. Department of Health and Ageing. (1998). Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Canberra: DHA. 10. Begg S, Vos T, Barker B, Stevenson C, Stanley L & Lopez AD 2007. The burden of disease and injury in Australia 2003. AIHW cat. no. PHE 82. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 11. Lock, K., Pomerleau, J., Causer, L., Altmann, D.R., McKee, M. (2005). The global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables: implications for the global strategy on diet. Bulletin of the World Health Organization

How does Shakespeare’s language portray Claudius as an intellectual Villain? Essay

Charming, Charismatic and Sympathetic. The new King of Denmark seems to possess all the equalities the citizens of Denmark were craving for in their new leader. After years of being subjected to the government of an old-fashioned King they were ready for a change, which they get in the form of Claudius. However, it is possible that beneath the veneer and gloss of the splendid King something is rotten in the state of Denmark. As the plot of â€Å"Hamlet† unfolds, we get to see behind the fai ade of the cheerful King and Queen of Denmark and discover the deceit and dishonesty that lurks in Claudius. Claudius is first presented to us in Act I Scene II. This is the first time that Claudius addresses his court, and so to his audience these first impressions are vital. He presents them with a well-rehearsed speech, using all his skill as a diplomat and politician to win over his new subjects. He dedicates the first part of his speech to remembering old King Hamlet-to his audience this would seem respectful, but I think he does this simply to cover up for his deed-by saying â€Å"how green the memory of him is† he will not be suspected to have had any part in old Hamlet’s death. This is also clever on Claudius’ part as he is aware of the unease of his position. Claudius goes on to use the term â€Å"that it us befitted†, this is clever on the Kings part as he cleverly merges the royal use with the ordinary plural. This is extremely subtle but it shows him identifying himself with his audience and the ordinary people of Denmark. Claudius also makes sure that his audience knows that it was his advisors who suggested he marry Gertrude-â€Å"Your better wisdoms, which have freely gone with this affair along for all, our thanks†. To his audience this may have been seen as a gracious act, but for Claudius it ensures a group of people whom to blame if their marriage fails, it also gives a group of advisors who the Denmark population can blame if the marriage fails. People who don’t agree with the marriage have someone other than Claudius to blame. These are just some of the examples showing Claudius’ qualities as a politician, choosing his words extremely carefully, and wining them over. We know he needs to redeem himself in this way as the Church of England and Catholic faith forbade such incestuous marriages. When Claudius uses the term ‘jointress’ he implies that Gertrude has some part in the kingdom. This means that him marrying Gertrude has safeguarded his claim to the throne. This will ensure no one else will contest his claim to the throne and he craftily lets his audience know this. Claudius gains more support by throwing meaningless but bold statements into his speech- the destruction of the agreement with Fortimbras is mainly symbolic, but to the audience it is a brave act telling them he will fight for Denmark. He knows how unpopular the war with Denmark and by quickly letting them know he is against it, he will win the people over. Claudius knows that to be successful he needs to win over Polonius, not only as an advisor but as someone he can use and trust. He does this by announcing that Polonius’ son Laertes may have his leave. Claudius uses very intimate language while talking to Laertes, firstly by addressing him as ‘thou’-a very intimate form of address, and secondly by repeating Laertes name while in conversation with him. This would show Claudius’ graciousness to the son of Polonius whom Claudius must win over. Apart from wining over Polonius, in front of the court it shows them his kindness. To add his show of warmth, Claudius publicly welcomes Hamlet as his son â€Å"But now, my cousin Hamlet, and my son†. Claudius knows that wining over Hamlet is imperative, as he therefore ignores Hamlet’s rebellious comments about him and his wife-Hamlet’s mother Gertrude. Claudius also makes sure his love for Gertrude is present, he frequently uses the plural instead of the singular when he expresses his views to Hamlet-â€Å"And we beseech you to remain†. We know that Claudius’ behaviour in front of the court are just for show because of his replies to Hamlet-often intimidating as if he has no interest in what Hamlet has to say, such as Hamlet’s remark â€Å"A little more than kin and less than kind†. Claudius pretends not to hear this and then asks Hamlet why the clouds still hang on him? Claudius must know of Hamlet’s grief but pretends to know nothing of it. Another way we can tell Claudius simply puts on a show is that when talking in front of the court he calls Hamlet’s grief â€Å"Sweet and commendable† as if he understands it. In private though, he is worried about it that he calls Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. So, in this first speech he has been presented as an excellent politician, a well-spoken and kind man, but all of this seems to be a show. He has many hidden motives in his speech proving him to be very calculated. We must remember that there was much public opinion against Old Hamlet when Claudius came to power, people of Denmark were tired of the war and so Claudius didn’t need to prove himself as a man to become King. We get the feeling that anyone apart from Old Hamlet would be good. We already know from the remarks of Barnardo in Act I Scene I that Claudius has assembled a back-up fleet, ready if the negotiations with Fortinbras fail. All the evidence so far has shown Claudius to be an excellent King but a sly and crafty Man. The next time we see Claudius he is plotting against Hamlet, a demonstration that he has no intentions to talk hamlets behaviour through with him. This time Claudius uses two of Hamlet’s close friends from university-Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. He explains to them how Hamlet is â€Å"So much from th’understanding of himself†. Again, Claudius puts on a show as a â€Å"worried father figure† to bring them round despite the fact we know all of this is being done completely behind Hamlet’s back. Claudius is aware of his power over these men, and uses it to his full advantage, how can they disobey the King and Queen? Claudius’ real motive is simply to have two spies to make sure Hamlet causes no trouble for Claudius while he is away. Claudius doesn’t mention or consider the consequences for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern if they do what they are asked. Claudius’ continual use of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, despite the suspicions among them that Hamlet knows they are spies, eventually leads to their death in Act 4 Scene 7 although their death is brought about by Hamlet, it was the fact that they were spying on him that caused him to die. Claudius’ treatment of Polonius must next be examined. When Claudius finds out about Hamlets love of Ophelia, he knows he can use this to his full advantage. Indirectly, his use of Polonius leads to Polonius forcing his daughter into becoming a spy for the king, which Ophelia is reluctant to do. Polonius feels it is his duty and wants to impress the king. When Claudius is told about Polonius’ plan to use Hamlets love for Ophelia to trap him, Claudius embarrasses it, â€Å"We will try it†, unlike any other descent man who would dismiss it as deceitful. We now see that the only friends Claudius wishes to make are those who will be useful to him either as spies or informants. Although Claudius acts as if their plot to use Ophelia is a last resort, it isn’t, it is simply easier than having to talk to Hamlet himself and have a conversation as if Hamlet were his own son. In fact Claudius has made no real attempt to find out what the problem with Hamlet is. He has avoided conversing with Hamlet since when he spoke to the court. These are hardly the traits of a caring father figure. When we see Claudius in the Play scene, some argue that his redeeming quality is his conscience and regret at what he did, but Claudius’ reaction is no different to anyone else’s in that situation. He had just seen the murder that he committed portrayed to him in the form of a Play, when he was certain nobody knew about it. The reaction is probably of panic that someone knew of his foul act rather than anything else. This reaction certainly isn’t one of guilt. When Claudius says, â€Å"Give me some light, away† we know that him seeing his act again has almost made him physically ill. Claudius’ panic and guilt are short lived, immediately after the play he plots to be rid of Hamlet by sending him to England. He now knows that Hamlet knows of his offence, and his tone of voice also now changes. â€Å"I like him not, nor stands it safe with us to let his madness range†¦ and he to England shall along with you†. People argue that if any scene redeems Claudius, it is the prayer scene. Claudius does use Biblical quotations but they do not show a close study of the Bible and would have been common knowledge among anyone in a Catholic country such as Denmark. In fact the main reason for his prayer is probably fear. Anyone who committed an act like this would be sent to hell, Claudius knew this and it was therefore a last attempt at redemption. The thing that I find most staggering in his prayer is that he still wishes he could â€Å"Be pardoned and retain the offence? † This shows that if there were a choice between staying King or being pardoned, he would rather stay in power. This clearly illustrates that Claudius has no interest in being pardoned or paying for his offences. He almost believes that his choice of killing his brother was the right one. His guilty conscience is also clear, â€Å"My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent†, demonstrating that he didn’t think that his guilt would be a problem when he murdered his brother. It is only now once the play scene has brought his guilt back to him that his conscience becomes a problem and affects him. When Polonius is killed by Hamlet in act 3 Scene 4, largely due to Claudius, you would think that Claudius would stop plotting bloody deeds, however Polonius’ death has little effect on him, but Claudius walks straight from praying into plotting another murder. This time he plots the murder of Hamlet, and drags Laertes into his scheme taking full advantage of the fact Laertes is angry and seeking revenge. In plotting with Laertes, Claudius knows that his troubles with Hamlet will be over. If Claudius was able to convince Laertes to exact revenge on Hamlet for Polonius’ death, Hamlet will cause him no more grief. There is irony here, as Claudius is advising Laertes to do what Hamlet is attempting to do to Claudius. Claudius uses all his strengths to bring Laertes round to murdering Hamlet- â€Å"Was your father dear to you? † and â€Å"Revenge should have no bounds†. We must remember that all this plotting is done without Gertrude’s knowledge, he doesn’t have any trust in her, and this makes us doubt his love for her. Claudius has plenty of time to think over the plot to kill Hamlet, but even when Ophelia dies he still goes ahead and in fact he wants the deed done sooner-â€Å"We’ll put the matter to present push†. Many critics described Claudius’ intentions when he committed the murder to be for his love for Gertrude. I think it was simply the gaining of the throne and greed that drove him to it. I believe the final scene rules out the argument that Claudius committed murder because of his love for Gertrude. In the final act Claudius has set up a poisoned drink for Hamlet after the dual. It is yet another deceitful plan that has catastrophic effects. When the plan goes wrong and Gertrude goes to drink the poison, if his love were true he would have stopped her immediately. But he knows of the effects for himself if he does this and so, selfishly, he makes no attempt to stop her. He doesn’t even leave his seat; he just mutters, â€Å"It is the polish’d up. It is too late†. Claudius’ only redeeming qualities lie in the fact that he is a human being. Even when he prayed he wasn’t desperate enough for mercy to give up the throne, he plotted murders to his dying day, and he lied continuously to his wife Gertrude. I believe he would have lived on quite happily if he hadn’t been murdered at the end, indeed he was more worried about the consequences for himself if he had been found guilty of treason. Everyone Claudius befriended throughout the play died, each person somehow connected with Claudius. I think the only one person Claudius cared for was himself. He never once apologised or pleaded with Hamlet-even when he was dying. Claudius’ only redeeming feature is that he is human.